War Poetry

 This blog is thinking activity focused on war poems. This blog task is given by vaidehi mam.

War Poetry

War poetry is a genre of poetry that emerged during and after various wars throughout history. It serves as a powerful medium for expressing the emotions, experiences, and consequences of war. War poets often convey the harsh realities, human suffering, and the impact of conflict on individuals and societies. Here are some notable examples of war poets and their works:

War poetry is a diverse and evolving genre that continues to be relevant as poets explore the impact of war on individuals, societies, and humanity as a whole.

Note down the difference of all the war poets?

Wilfred Owen (1893-1918):

   Wilfred Owen is one of the most renowned World War I poets. His poetry vividly portrays the pity of war, emphasizing the fear, horror, and trauma experienced by soldiers on the front lines. Owen's works, such as "Dulce et Decorum Est" and "Anthem for Doomed Youth," challenge the glorification of war and provide a realistic depiction of its devastating impact.

Ivory Gurney (1890-1937):

   Ivory Gurney, often referred to as Ivor Gurney, was a British poet and composer. His poetry reflects a sense of despair and the belief that death would be preferable to continuing in the war. Gurney's monologue narrative style and use of colloquial language contribute to the raw and personal nature of his work.

Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967):

    Siegfried Sassoon was a soldier and poet during World War I, known for his strong anti-war sentiments. His poems, including "Suicide in the Trenches" and "Base Details," express disillusionment with the war and condemn the brutality of trench warfare. Sassoon's use of the epistolary technique adds a personal and reflective dimension to his poetry.

Wilfred Wilson Gibson (1878-1962):

   Wilfred Wilson Gibson was a poet associated with the Georgian poets, known for their traditional forms and accessible language. Gibson's plain style became a characteristic of the Georgian movement. While not exclusively a war poet, Gibson's work may have addressed the human experience and emotions during wartime.

Rupert Brooke (1887-1915):

    Rupert Brooke was an English poet known for his early war poetry that conveyed patriotic and idealized views of war. His famous poem "The Soldier" initially celebrated the honor of dying for one's country. However, Brooke's untimely death in World War I prevented him from exploring the disillusionment that later characterized much of the war poetry from his contemporaries.

These poets collectively contributed to the rich tapestry of war literature, offering diverse perspectives on the profound impact of war on the human psyche and society. Their works continue to be studied and appreciated for their literary merit and historical significance.

W.B. Yeats poem

 This blog is thinking activity focused on Yeats poem. Here, I'll delve into a Northrop frye's poem  "The Second Coming"  assigned By Dilip sir.

W.B.Yeats

William Butler Yeats (W.B. Yeats) was an Irish poet, playwright, and one of the leading figures of 20th-century literature. He was born on June 13, 1865, in Sandymount, County Dublin, Ireland, and died on January 28, 1939, in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France.yeats was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and played a significant role in the cultural and political life of Ireland during his lifetime. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923.eats was also involved in the Irish nationalist movement and served as a Senator in the Irish Free State. His poetry is characterized by its mysticism, symbolism, and exploration of Irish folklore and mythology. Yeats's contribution to literature and his influence on modern poetry is widely recognized, and his works continue to be studied and celebrated today.

The Second Coming

"The Second Coming" is a famous poem written by W.B. Yeats in 1919, reflecting the aftermath of World War I and a period of social and political upheaval. The poem is known for its rich symbolism and prophetic tone, with the central metaphor of the gyre representing a breakdown in communication and order. The falcon, representing civilization or society, spiraling away from the falconer symbolizes a chaotic and disordered world.

Yeats describes a state of upheaval, with a blood-dimmed tide symbolizing violence and chaos. The ceremony of innocence being drowned suggests the loss of innocence and a descent into a darker era. The contrast between the best lacking conviction and the worst being full of passionate intensity highlights the disorientation and moral confusion of the time.

In the third Stanza, Yeats introduces the idea of a revelation and the Second Coming, but it is not the expected return of Christ. Instead, he envisions a monstrous creature, a sphinx-like figure with a lion's body and the head of a man, awakening after twenty centuries of sleep. The rocking cradle suggests the birth of something ominous and disruptive, and the beast is now moving towards Bethlehem, symbolizing the impending arrival of a destructive force.

The poem's lasting impact is due to Yeats' use of symbolism, vivid imagery, and apocalyptic language. The sphinx-like creature and reference to Bethlehem create a sense of foreboding and emphasize the cyclical nature of history, where periods of chaos and destruction are followed by rebirth. Overall, "The Second Coming" is a powerful and evocative poem that captures the anxieties and uncertainties of its time while offering a timeless exploration of the cyclical nature of history and the potential for transformative, often destructive, change.

Interpretation 

"The Second Coming" by W.B. Yeats is a complex and highly symbolic poem that reflects the poet's concerns about the state of the world in the aftermath of World War I. The poem delves into themes of societal collapse, moral decay, and the potential for a radical transformation. Here's a detailed interpretation:

Gyre and Disintegration:

   The opening lines set the tone with the image of a widening gyre, a spiral or vortex. This metaphor suggests a sense of disintegration and fragmentation in the world. The falcon, representing the civilized society, is spiraling away from the falconer, symbolizing the breakdown of order and communication. The phrase "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold" underscores the chaos and loss of stability.

Anarchy and Loss of Innocence:

   The second stanza intensifies the bleak picture painted by Yeats. The "blood-dimmed tide" symbolizes violence and upheaval, and the drowning of the "ceremony of innocence" speaks to the loss of purity and virtue in the face of turmoil. The contrast between the best lacking conviction and the worst being full of passionate intensity highlights a moral vacuum and the disarray of values.

The Second Coming as Revelation:

   The third stanza introduces the theme of the Second Coming, but Yeats subverts traditional expectations. Instead of a redemptive figure, he envisions a monstrous and enigmatic creature with a lion's body and a man's head. This "rough beast" is a symbol of destructive force, and its movement towards Bethlehem signifies the impending arrival of a transformative and unsettling power.

Spiritus Mundi and Collective Unconscious:

   The reference to "Spiritus Mundi" (World Spirit) suggests a collective unconscious or a shared pool of memories and archetypes that influences human consciousness. The image of the sphinx-like creature arises from this collective unconscious, indicating that the destructive force has deep, universal roots.

Historical and Mythic Cycles:

   The idea of the creature awakening after "twenty centuries of stony sleep" alludes to historical and mythic cycles. Yeats suggests that the current chaos is not an isolated event but part of a larger pattern that repeats over time. The rocking cradle and the birth of the rough beast imply a cyclical nature of destruction and rebirth in history.

Bethlehem and Symbolic Significance:

   The choice of Bethlehem as the destination of the rough beast adds layers of symbolic significance. Bethlehem is traditionally associated with the birth of Christ, but in this context, it becomes a symbol of the birthplace of profound change. The slouching movement of the beast suggests inevitability and a sense of impending doom.

Apocalyptic Vision:

   The poem concludes with a sense of apocalyptic vision, with the rough beast approaching its birthplace. Yeats portrays a world on the brink of a radical transformation, where the old order is giving way to a new and ominous force.

In summary, "The Second Coming" is a poetic exploration of the anxieties and uncertainties of the early 20th century, using rich symbolism and vivid imagery to convey a vision of societal disintegration and the potential for a profound, though destructive, renewal. Yeats captures the essence of a world in flux, grappling with the cyclical nature of history and the foreboding prospect of a transformative force reshaping the future.

Northrop frye

 This blog is thinking activity focused on northrop frye's criticism. Here, I'll delve into a Northrop frye's criticism, answering the questions asked by Dilip sir  but before that let me introduce you with the Northrop frye.

Northrop frye 

Northrop Frye (1912–1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential figures in the field of literary studies in the 20th century. He was born on July 14, 1912, in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, and passed away on January 23, 1991, in Toronto, Ontario.

Frye's work spans various aspects of literature, from poetry and drama to fiction and literary criticism. He is best known for his groundbreaking work in the area of literary theory, particularly his contributions to the understanding of archetypal and mythic patterns in literature.

One of Frye's most significant works is "Anatomy of Criticism" (1957), where he outlines his systematic approach to literary criticism. In this work, he proposes a framework for analyzing literature based on archetypal patterns and identifies four primary genres: mythos (plot structure), ethos (character types), dianoia (thought or argument), and melos (lyric expression). This influential work has had a profound impact on the field of literary criticism.

Frye also wrote extensively on the Bible, Shakespeare, and the history of literature. Some of his other notable works include "Fearful Symmetry" (1947), which explores the poetry of William Blake, and "The Great Code: The Bible and Literature" (1982), where he discusses the relationship between the Bible and Western literature.

Northrop Frye's contributions to literary theory have left a lasting legacy, and his ideas continue to be studied and debated in the academic world. He spent much of his academic career at the University of Toronto, where he held various positions, including the Principal of Victoria College.

What is Acrchetypal Criticism ? What does Archetypal critic do?

Archetypal criticism is a literary theory that analyzes archetypes, recurring symbols, themes, characters, or motifs in literature and other forms of art. These universal symbols evoke deep and often unconscious responses in readers or viewers. Archetypal critics examine how these archetypes contribute to the meaning and interpretation of a work of literature.

Key points of archetypal criticism include identifying and analyzing common archetypes, such as the hero, villain, mentor, journey, quest, mother, and father. They also explore the concept of the collective unconscious, which refers to shared memories and ideas in the psyches of all human beings.

Archetypal criticism often involves the examination of mythological stories and symbols, which often contain archetypal elements. They examine how these myths and symbols are reimagined and reused in literature.

Archetypal criticism emphasizes the presence of universal themes in literature, such as the hero's journey, the struggle between good and evil, and the cycle of life and death. It can delve into the psychological and spiritual aspects of literature, with Jungian psychology playing a significant role in this approach.

Northrop Frye, in his work "Anatomy of Criticism," emphasized the importance of archetypes in shaping the structure of literature and argued that understanding these archetypal patterns enhances our appreciation and interpretation of literary works.

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What is frye trying to do by giving an analogy of  'Physics to nature' and 'Criticism to Literature ?

Northrop Frye, a Canadian literary critic and theorist, used analogies to illustrate his ideas about literature and criticism. One of his notable analogies is the comparison between physics and nature, where physics focuses on the fundamental principles and laws that govern the physical world, and criticism and literature, where literature encompasses a wide range of literary works.

In this analogy, physics seeks a systematic understanding of nature, while criticism seeks a systematic understanding of literature, identifying recurring patterns, themes, and structures. The two fields analyze patterns in nature and literature, organizing knowledge based on principles and laws. Criticism, on the other hand, organizes knowledge about literature by identifying and exploring overarching principles that govern the creation and interpretation of literary works.

Frye's analogy emphasizes the systematic and structured approach that criticism should take in understanding literature, similar to physics's holistic understanding of nature. It suggests that, like physics, criticism should seek to unveil the underlying principles and patterns that govern the realm of literature, playing a role in organizing and making sense of the complexity inherent in its subject matter

Share your views of Criticism as an organized body of knowledge. Mention the relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Criticism is an organized body of knowledge that plays a crucial role in understanding literature and its cultural and intellectual context. It involves systematic analysis, categorization, and classification of literary works based on genres, movements, or themes. Literature is deeply connected to its historical and cultural contexts, and critics examine how these contexts reflect, respond to, or challenge the social, political, and historical conditions of their time. Historical criticism explores the historical context surrounding literary works, considering events, ideologies, and societal changes.

Critics also trace the evolution of literary themes and styles over time, providing insights into cultural shifts and changes in societal perspectives. Literature often engages with philosophical questions and themes, and criticism explores the philosophical underpinnings of these works. Some critics focus on existential or ethical dimensions of literature, examining how literary texts contribute to philosophical discourse and deepen our understanding of human existence.

Critics also intersect with the philosophy of language and literary theory, drawing on philosophical concepts to explore the nature of language, representation, and communication in literature. Criticism serves as a bridge between literature and various other disciplines, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and incorporating insights from fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies. A holistic approach to criticism recognizes the interconnectedness of literature with other domains of human thought and experience, enhancing the depth and breadth of literary analysis.

In summary, criticism provides a structured framework for understanding literature, examining its historical and cultural contexts, and exploring its philosophical dimensions. The dynamic interplay between literature, history, and philosophy enriches our understanding of literary phenomena.

Briefly explain the inductive method with an illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

The inductive method is a logical approach used in literary analysis to draw broader conclusions about themes, characters, or the overall meaning of a text. In Shakespeare's "Hamlet," the Grave Digger's scene in Act V, Scene 1, is a specific observation where Hamlet encounters a gravedigger at the cemetery. The scene involves a conversation between Hamlet and the gravedigger, highlighting themes of mortality, decay, and the inevitability of death. The gravedigger's work becomes a metaphor for the universal fate of all individuals.

The inductive method allows readers to generalize from the specifics of the Grave Digger's scene to broader conclusions about the play as a whole. The scene contributes to the overarching theme of death and its impact on the characters and the narrative. It also prompts an existential reflection on the transience of life, the inevitability of death, and the existential questions that Hamlet grapples with throughout the play.

In this context, the inductive method allows readers to start with a specific observation, analyze the details within that scene, and draw larger conclusions about the thematic significance of mortality and existential contemplation in "Hamlet" as a whole.

Briefly explain the deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm, and pattern. Give examples of the outcomes of the deductive method.

The deductive method is a mental tool that helps us understand and interpret specific instances within different artistic forms. It is applied to music, painting, rhythm, and pattern. Classical music compositions follow a specific structure of notes and rhythms, indicating their elegance, complexity, and adherence to classical rules. By identifying a piece as classical, we can expect it to have a certain elegance, complexity, and adherence to these rules.

Traditional landscape paintings often feature realistic depictions of nature, with the deductive process helping us recognize and interpret artistic styles. Latin music incorporates distinctive rhythmic patterns, such as clave rhythms, influenced by a specific culture and musical tradition. By identifying a piece as Latin, we can expect lively rhythms and possibly the use of instruments like congas.

Abstract art often involves non-representational patterns and shapes, with the deductive process helping us recognize and interpret abstract art based on its departure from realistic representation. In essence, the deductive method serves as a mental tool that helps us make sense of the world around us by using general principles to understand and interpret specific instances within different artistic forms. It connects what we know broadly with what we can deduce about specific examples.

For whom the bell tolls by Ernest Hemingway

 

This blog is thinking activity focused on earnest Hemingway's work "For whom the bell tolls" Here, I'll delve into a novel,  answering the questions asked by megha mam but before that let me introduce you with the novel.

About the Novel

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway. Published in 1940, it is set during the Spanish Civil War and explores themes of war, sacrifice, and the interconnectedness of humanity. The title is derived from a meditation by John Donne, emphasizing the idea that the tolling bell represents the interconnectedness of all people and the impact of one person's death on the larger community.

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" follows the story of Robert Jordan, an American dynamiter assigned to a guerilla band fighting in the Spanish Civil War against the Fascists. The novel delves into the complexities of war, exploring the effects on individuals and the human cost of conflict.

Hemingway intricately weaves themes of love, duty, and honor as Jordan navigates his relationships with fellow guerilla fighters, particularly his love affair with Maria. The title reflects the overarching theme that each individual's fate is interconnected, symbolized by the tolling bell.

The novel also touches on the brutality of war, the impact of political ideologies, and the struggle for personal identity amid chaos. Hemingway's spare and direct prose captures the emotional intensity of the characters and the harsh realities of war, making "For Whom the Bell Tolls" a poignant exploration of human nature in the face of conflict.

Hemingway Hero

The term "Hemingway hero" refers to a recurring character archetype found in many of Ernest Hemingway's works. Hemingway's protagonists often embody certain traits and characteristics that define this archetype. Some key features of a Hemingway hero include:

Courage and Grace Under Pressure:

 The hero is known for displaying courage and maintaining composure in challenging or dangerous situations. This resilience is often highlighted in the face of adversity.

Self-Reliance and Independence:

 Hemingway heroes tend to be self-reliant and independent individuals who rely on their own strengths and instincts. They often distance themselves from societal norms and expectations.

Code of Honor:

 The hero adheres to a personal code of honor, often involving principles such as bravery, integrity, and stoicism. This code guides their actions and decisions throughout the narrative.

Experiences in War or Conflict:

 Many Hemingway heroes have a background in war or conflict, reflecting Hemingway's own experiences as a war correspondent and his fascination with the impact of war on individuals.

Physical Prowess:

 These characters often possess physical strength and prowess. Hemingway's writing style often emphasizes the physicality of his heroes and their ability to endure hardships.

Examples of Hemingway heroes can be found in works like "The Old Man and the Sea," where Santiago, the aging fisherman, embodies many of these characteristics. Additionally, characters in novels such as "A Farewell to Arms" and "For Whom the Bell Tolls" also fit the mold of the Hemingway hero, facing challenges with a unique blend of strength and vulnerability.

Robert Jordan as A Hemingway hero 

Robert Jordan is a strong and quiet guy in the book "For Whom the Bell Tolls." He's been through a lot in war and has the tough job of blowing up a bridge during the Spanish Civil War. He doesn't talk much but shows who he is through what he does.

He's good at handling difficult situations and keeps going even when things get tough. The author, Hemingway, likes to write about people who can endure challenges, and Robert Jordan is one of those characters.He's not into saying a lot of fancy words; he keeps it simple. In the story, he's in love with a woman named Maria. Their relationship is important, and it's affected by the war happening around them.ven though he's part of a bigger mission in the war, he has his own beliefs and principles that guide him. He's an individual who stays true to himself even in the middle of chaos.

Overall, Robert Jordan is a strong, quiet, and determined guy, facing the difficulties of war and love in a straightforward way.Robert Jordan fits the archetype of a Hemingway hero in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" for several reasons:

Quiet Strength:

Like many Hemingway protagonists, Robert Jordan possesses a quiet strength. He doesn't rely on grand speeches or elaborate expressions. Instead, his character is defined by his actions and resilience in the face of challenges.

War Experience:

 Hemingway heroes often have a background in war or conflict, and Robert Jordan is no exception. He's a dynamiter tasked with blowing up a bridge during the Spanish Civil War, showcasing the author's recurring theme of individuals being tested in the crucible of warfare.

Endurance:

 Hemingway heroes are known for their ability to endure physical and emotional challenges. Robert Jordan endures the hardships of war, both mentally and physically. His resilience in the face of danger and adversity aligns with the Hemingway hero's ability to endure suffering.

Simplicity :

Hemingway's writing style is marked by simplicity and directness. Similarly, Robert Jordan is a man of few words. He doesn't indulge in unnecessary complexities or verbose expression. His stoicism, especially in dealing with the harsh realities of war, is a characteristic Hemingway admired in his heroes.

Love and Loss:

Hemingway's heroes often experience profound love and loss. Robert Jordan's relationship with Maria reflects this theme. The simplicity and intensity of their connection, as well as the impact of the war on their lives, align with Hemingway's exploration of love amidst the backdrop of conflict.

In summary, Robert Jordan embodies the qualities commonly associated with Hemingway heroes – a combination of quiet strength, war experience, endurance, simplicity, stoicism, love, loss, and individualism.

Character of Pilar

Pilar is an important person in the book "For Whom the Bell Tolls" by Ernest Hemingway. The story happens during the Spanish Civil War. Pilar leads a group of fighters that the main character, Robert Jordan, joins. She is a strong and wise woman, like a mother to the group. Pilar knows a lot about the war and helps everyone. Her character shows the difficulties of war and the importance of love and sacrifice. Pilar is a memorable part of the story.

Pilar's character is explored more deeply throughout the narrative, revealing her personal history and relationships. This exploration adds layers to her character, offering insights into her motivations and the profound impact of the war on individuals. Pilar becomes a conduit for themes such as sacrifice, love, and the harsh realities of warfare.

In my view, Pilar is an incredibly brave and admirable character in "For Whom the Bell Tolls." Her strength, both physically and emotionally, is evident in every aspect of her character. As the leader of the guerrilla band, she commands respect and exudes a sense of authority that is crucial in the challenging and chaotic environment of the Spanish Civil War.

Pilar's courage is not just confined to the battlefield; it extends to her role as a caretaker within the group. She assumes a maternal position, offering guidance and support to her comrades. This nurturing side to her character adds a layer of humanity and warmth, showing that bravery isn't just about facing the enemy but also about caring for those around you in the face of adversity.

What strikes me most is Pilar's wisdom and understanding of the war's intricacies. Her experiences and insights provide a valuable perspective on the political and social aspects of the conflict. Her resilience in the face of the brutality of war underscores her bravery, as she confronts the challenges with a determination that is both inspiring and poignant.

Moreover, the depth of Pilar's character becomes even more apparent as her personal history unfolds. Learning about her past and relationships allows readers to connect with her on a more profound level. It adds a human dimension to her character, making her not just a symbol of bravery but a complex and relatable individual.

In summary, Pilar's bravery goes beyond the battlefield; it encompasses her leadership, nurturing qualities, and profound understanding of the war's complexities. She stands out as a symbol of strength and resilience in the midst of turmoil, making her one of the most compelling characters in the novel.

Conclusion:

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" by Ernest Hemingway follows the story of Robert Jordan, an American dynamiter, during the Spanish Civil War. Jordan's internal struggles and commitment to the cause illustrate the complexities of morality and sacrifice in wartime. Pilar, a strong guerrilla fighter, adds depth to the narrative, symbolizing resilience and wisdom. Together, these characters explore the human cost of war, the personal sacrifices required, and the enduring impact on individuals and communities. The tolling bell serves as a powerful metaphor for the interconnectedness of humanity, emphasizing the far-reaching consequences of conflict. Overall, the novel delves into universal themes of love, loss, and the profound effects of war on the human psyche.

Thank you...

Transcendentalism

 Welcome to my blog, 

This blog part of thinking activity assigned by vaidehi mam about transcendentanism.

Before that let me introduce you with the term " transcendentanism".

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism, a 19th-century American philosophical and literary movement,emphasized the idea that individuals could transcend everyday experiences and limitations to connect with a higher spiritual reality. Transcendentalists believed in intuition, trusting one's inner feelings and instincts, and celebrating individualism. Nature played a central role in transcendentalist thought, as it led to a deeper understanding of the self and the universe. A key aspect was the pursuit of a direct and personal connection with the divine, often referred to as the "Over-Soul" or a universal spirit. Transcendentalists sought spiritual awakening and unity with the universe, emphasizing self-reliance and not conforming to societal expectations. They criticized materialism, overemphasis on material wealth, and social conventions, questioning established institutions that restricted individual freedom and spiritual growth. Transcendentalism found expression in literature, with notable figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller contributing essays and poetry. Many transcendentalists were also involved in social reform movements, such as abolitionism and women's rights, believing that positive individual transformations could contribute to a better society.

Transcendentalists talk about the Individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you? Share your views. 

Nature, in my perspective, extends beyond the physical world to include the complex interactions between living organisms, ecosystems, and the broader environment. It embodies the rhythmic cycles of seasons, the biodiversity that flourishes in various habitats, and the intricate patterns of natural processes.

At its core, nature serves as a source of inspiration and reflection, offering a profound sense of tranquility and awe. It's not merely a backdrop to human existence but a dynamic force that shapes our lives. The interconnectedness found in nature mirrors the interdependence of all living things, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and respecting these relationships.

Moreover, understanding nature involves acknowledging the fragility of ecosystems and the impact of human actions on the delicate balance of the environment. This awareness should guide our efforts toward sustainable practices, promoting harmony between human activities and the natural world.

Nature is a complex tapestry of tangible and intangible elements, including landscapes, flora, fauna, and energy. Its beauty lies in its functionality, with cycles of growth, decay, and regeneration creating a harmonious symphony of life. Nature serves as a mirror reflecting interconnectedness and interdependence, teaching us about adaptability, resilience, and the cyclical nature of existence. The more we delve into its intricacies, the more we realize our symbiotic relationship with the natural world. In the transcendentalist sense, nature becomes a spiritual and philosophical journey, guiding us towards self-discovery and awareness. It encourages humility and respect for the intricate web of life. In essence, nature is a sanctuary for contemplation and a dynamic force shaping our worldview.

In essence, nature encompasses the tapestry of life, from the smallest microorganisms to the grandeur of landscapes. It calls for a deep appreciation of the intricate design of our planet and a commitment to stewardship, ensuring its preservation for future generations.

Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy that came up with such similar thoughts?

In Indian philosophy, there's a similar idea to transcendentalism called "Advaita Vedanta." It says that our individual soul is connected to a greater universal reality, similar to how transcendentalists believe in a connection to a divine force. This concept emphasizes oneness and echoes the idea that everything is interconnected.

In Indian literature, poets like Rabindranath Tagore talk about the unity of people with nature and explore spiritual themes. Even though the cultural backgrounds are different, both American transcendentalism and certain Indian philosophies share common themes like interconnectedness, spiritual exploration, and the significance of personal experience.

Advaita Vedanta:

 Advaita Vedanta literally translates to "non-dualistic" or "not two." It proposes that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is without attributes and beyond distinctions. It asserts the essential oneness (advaita) between the individual soul (atman) and Brahman.n Advaita Vedanta, the individual soul is considered not separate from the cosmic reality. The realization of this unity is a central goal, emphasizing the idea that the essence of the individual (atman) is identical to the essence of the ultimate reality (Brahman).

 The philosophy outlines a spiritual journey of self-realization and awakening. Through practices like meditation, contemplation, and the study of sacred texts, individuals seek to realize their intrinsic oneness with the divine.

Parallels with Transcendentalism:

Both Advaita Vedanta and transcendentalism emphasize the idea of oneness and unity. While Advaita Vedanta sees this unity in the oneness of the individual soul with Brahman, transcendentalists focus on the individual's connection to a universal, divine force.the appreciation for nature and its role in spiritual realization is a common theme. Transcendentalists often found spiritual inspiration in nature, and similarly, certain strands of Indian literature, influenced by philosophies like Advaita Vedanta, celebrate nature as a manifestation of the divine.

 Both traditions value the importance of individual experience in the spiritual journey. Introspection, meditation, and the exploration of one's inner self are seen as crucial in realizing a deeper connection to the spiritual or cosmic reality.

There is a shared emphasis on the interconnectedness of all existence. Whether it's the interconnectedness of individuals and the ultimate reality in Advaita Vedanta or the interconnectedness of all aspects of nature in transcendentalism, both philosophies highlight the unity that underlies diversity.

In essence, the philosophical and literary expressions of Advaita Vedanta and transcendentalism converge on fundamental ideas of oneness, interconnectedness, and the profound relationship between the individual and the universe. While the cultural and historical contexts differ, these shared themes reflect a universal human quest for understanding and connection with the divine or cosmic reality.

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"Solitude" by Henry Thoreau 

In a world bustling with constant activity and incessant noise, the concept of solitude often takes a backseat. The very word may conjure images of isolation or loneliness, yet true solitude is a powerful and transformative experience that offers a profound connection with oneself and the surrounding world.

Henry David Thoreau, in his seminal work "Walden; or, Life in the Woods," extolled the virtues of solitude as he retreated to a small cabin near Walden Pond. Thoreau's deliberate choice of solitude was not a withdrawal from society but rather a purposeful engagement with the self. Solitude, in its essence, provides a sanctuary for introspection, self-discovery, and a deeper connection with the natural world.

In the solitude of a quiet room or a secluded natural setting, one has the opportunity to silence the external clamor and turn inward. This introspective journey allows individuals to unravel the layers of their own thoughts, emotions, and aspirations. Without the distractions of modern life, one can engage in a genuine dialogue with oneself, fostering a heightened self-awareness that is often elusive in the cacophony of daily existence.

Solitude also serves as a canvas for creativity. Many great minds, from artists to philosophers, have sought the refuge of solitude to give birth to their most profound ideas. The absence of external influences enables the mind to wander freely, exploring uncharted territories and unlocking the doors of imagination. In solitude, one can cultivate a deep sense of focus, fostering an environment where creativity can flourish without the constraints of external expectations.

Nature, with its serene landscapes and rhythmic cycles, becomes a trusted companion in the journey of solitude. Thoreau found solace in the woods, and many have echoed the sentiment that nature provides a mirror for self-reflection. The rustling leaves, the babbling brooks, and the whispering winds create a symphony that harmonizes with the inner rhythms of the solitary soul.

However, the benefits of solitude extend beyond personal growth. In moments of quiet contemplation, individuals develop a profound sense of empathy and understanding for others. Through knowing oneself, one gains a heightened sensitivity to the struggles and triumphs of those around them. Solitude, paradoxically, becomes a bridge connecting individuals on a deeper, more authentic level.

While the modern world often champions connectivity and constant communication, the value of solitude should not be overlooked. It is in the moments of quiet reflection that we find the strength to navigate the complexities of life. Solitude is not an escape; it is an embrace of the self, a journey into the inner landscapes of the soul where authenticity and resilience are nurtured.

In conclusion, solitude is not a retreat from the world but a courageous exploration of the self. It is a sanctuary for self-discovery, a fertile ground for creativity, and a source of empathy for the shared human experience. As Thoreau found inspiration in the simplicity of Walden, we too can discover the richness of our own inner worlds when we embark on the transformative journey into solitude.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Henry Thoreau's "Walden" beautifully intertwines the principles of transcendentalism, Advaita Vedanta, and the significance of solitude. Thoreau's journey at Walden Pond represents a quest for self-discovery, urging readers to transcend societal norms and connect with nature. The similarities between transcendentalism and Advaita Vedanta are evident in Thoreau's pursuit of universal truths beyond the material world. Solitude becomes the crucible for this exploration, offering the necessary silence and space for delving into one's consciousness. "Walden" serves as a guide, encouraging us to live deliberately, appreciate simplicity, and recognize the profound unity that binds us to the cosmos. Thoreau's work inspires a journey of self-reflection, challenging us to find solace in solitude while embracing the interconnectedness that defines our existence.

Film review: "12th Fail"

 Welcome to my blog, 

This blog part of a movie screening activity assign by dr.dilip barad sir . Here this activity, I will write about movie review of a 12th Fail. 

 

                 12th Fail

About the movie:

As a student, the newly released movie "12th fail" is a great motivation to the evey student. 12th Fail is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film produced, written and directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. It is based on the 2019 eponymous non-fiction book by Anurag Pathak about the real-life story of Manoj Kumar Sharma, who overcame extreme poverty to become an Indian Police Service officer.[4] The film stars Vikrant Massey in the title role, alongside Medha Shankar, Anant V Joshi, Anshumaan Pushkar, and Priyanshu Chatterjee.

Plot:

Manoj Kumar Sharma, born in a corrupt Chambal, is the son of a clerk and his father is suspended for hitting a corrupt officer. He prepares cheat slips for his Class 12 exams, but a newly transferred police officer, DSP Dushyant Singh, stops cheating, leading to all students failing the exam. Manoj's brother is falsely accused of hitting a local henchman, and the police frame him. However, Manoj bails his brother out with the help of DSP Dushyant, who advises him to "stop cheating" to become an officer like him.

Manoj passes his exams without cheating and pursues a B.A. to become a DSP. He loses his belongings on the way, but he meets Pritam Pandey, who also wants to study for the PSC exam. Manoj learns about UPSC and travels with Pritam to Delhi to study and become an IPS officer. He meets Gauri bhaiya, who provides him with work and a place to study.

In his first attempt, Manoj fails the preliminary examination but manages to clear it the following year. He falls in love with Shraddha Joshi, a UKPSC aspirant, and falls in love with her. Despite hard work, Manoj fails the main examinations that year and his relationship with Shraddha suffers when she learns of his deception.

Frustrated, Gauri moves Manoj to his own house and tells him to give up working odd jobs and focus on his studies. He finally clears the main examinations, while Shraddha clears her UKPSC examinations to become a Deputy Collector. Pritam, who failed his exams, spreads rumors that Shraddha has been sleeping with Manoj. Manoj advises Pritam to stand up to his father and marry Shraddha.

Manoj, now an IPS officer, meets DSP Dushyant Singh at the police station in Mandsaur to thank the DSP for encouraging him. He marries Shraddha, and Pritam begins working as a news reporter.

Theoretical Framework 

The plot of "12th Fail" unfolds within the theoretical framework of overcoming adversity in the pursuit of one's aspirations. This framework revolves around the central theme of resilience, determination, and personal growth despite facing formidable challenges. Manoj Kumar Sharma's journey serves as an exemplar of this framework.Manoj faces early setbacks, including his father's suspension and the disruption of his education due to the intervention of DSP Dushyant Singh. These events catalyze a series of challenges, leading to failures in academics and false accusations against his brother.

Family Support:

   Despite adversity, Manoj exhibits resilience, running a rickshaw to support his family. His brother's unjust arrest further tests their resolve. The support of his family, particularly the encouragement from DSP Dushyant, becomes a crucial factor in overcoming external pressures.

Educational Pursuits and Dreams Shattered:

   Manoj's pursuit of education faces significant hurdles, including losing all his belongings and the government's decision to halt Group I exams. His dream of becoming a DSP seems shattered, compelling him to explore alternative paths.

Discovery of UPSC and Mentorship:

   The encounter with Pritam, Pandey and the revelation about UPSC exams redirect Manoj's aspirations. Gauri bhaiya's mentorship becomes instrumental in reshaping Manoj's goals and encouraging him to aim for the IPS.

Personal Growth and Sacrifices:

   Manoj undergoes personal growth, transcending hardships and societal judgments. His commitment to studying for UPSC exams in Delhi, despite financial constraints, highlights the sacrifices made for his ambitions.

Educational Persistence and Love Amidst Deception:

   Manoj's failures in the initial attempts, coupled with a strained relationship with Shraddha due to his deception, showcase the challenges in balancing personal and academic pursuits. His persistence reflects the resilience needed in the face of academic setbacks and personal conflicts.

Focus, Support, and Achieving Dreams:

   Gauri bhaiya's guidance redirects Manoj's focus, emphasizing the importance of dedicating fully to academic pursuits. The eventual success in clearing the main examinations signifies the triumph of determination and unwavering focus.

Friendship, Forgiveness, and Ethical Choices:

    Manoj's interactions with Pritam highlight the importance of friendship, forgiveness, and ethical decision-making. Pritam's realization of his true passion emphasizes the significance of aligning one's aspirations with personal values.

In summary, "12th Fail" aligns with the theoretical framework of overcoming adversity, illustrating the transformative journey of an individual navigating challenges, making sacrifices, and ultimately achieving success in the pursuit of their aspirations.

Contextualization:

"12th Fail" is a film that explores the challenges faced by individuals from marginalized backgrounds in India, particularly in Chambal, a region known for its corruption and poverty. The story begins with Manoj Kumar Sharma, a clerk's son, who faces financial instability due to his father's suspension. This leads to academic malpractices, especially in regions with limited access to quality education. The film also highlights the educational challenges faced by students in underprivileged regions, where cheating becomes a means of survival rather than a moral choice.

The narrative delves into the dynamics of Manoj's family, highlighting the impact of his father's suspension on their livelihood. The false accusations against Manoj's brother, leading to his arrest, exemplify the vulnerability of marginalized families in the face of political and criminal influences. The film captures the resilience and unity within the family as they navigate adversity.

Manoj's journey from Chambal to Delhi symbolizes the aspirational exodus of young individuals from rural backgrounds seeking education and career opportunities. The film contextualizes the dreams and aspirations of its characters within the larger framework of societal expectations and limitations. The film also explores the complexities of interpersonal relationships, with Manoj's deceptive courtship of Shraddha and subsequent ethical dilemmas.

The film culminates in Manoj's success as an IPS officer, signifying not only his individual triumph but also the potential for positive social impact through individuals from marginalized backgrounds entering positions of authority. The contextualization of the movie adds layers of depth to its narrative, making it a poignant reflection of the broader socio-economic tapestry of India.

 Thematic study

12th Fail" is a film that explores themes of resilience, societal challenges, personal growth, ethical dilemmas, and the transformative power of aspirations. The story revolves around Manoj's journey, marked by failures, setbacks, and societal pressures, which emphasizes the importance of tenacity in overcoming challenges. The film also delves into the social inequities and educational disparities prevalent in underprivileged regions, such as cheating and the disruption caused by DSP Dushyant Singh's intervention.

The film also explores the transformative nature of aspirations and dreams, with Manoj's shift from wanting to be a DSP to pursuing civil services reflecting the adaptability of dreams in response to changing circumstances. His journey becomes a journey of self-discovery, as he faces failures, personal deceptions, and ethical choices.

The film also highlights the challenges faced by individuals transitioning from rural to urban settings, exploring the impact on their aspirations, relationships, and lifestyle. Interpersonal relationships, particularly the romantic involvement with Shraddha, play a central role in the narrative, with the sacrifices made for educational pursuits, strain caused by deception, and eventual triumph highlighting the intricate dynamics of personal relationships.

Ethical dilemmas and moral integrity are addressed, particularly in Manoj's deceptive courtship, emphasizing the importance of staying true to one's principles. The film also addresses the theme of representation and social impact, with Manoj's success as an IPS officer symbolizing not only individual achievement but also the potential for positive societal change through diverse representation in positions of authority.

In conclusion, "12th Fail" weaves a thematic tapestry that encompasses resilience, societal challenges, personal growth, ethical dilemmas, and the transformative power of aspirations, providing a nuanced portrayal of the complexities inherent in the journey from adversity to success.

Comparative analysis:

"Super30"

"Super 30" is a biographical drama film released in 2019. The movie was directed by Vikas Bahl and produced by Phantom Films, Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, and Reliance Entertainment. The film stars Hrithik Roshan in the lead role.

The story is based on the life of Anand Kumar, a mathematician from Bihar, India. Anand Kumar runs the Super 30 program, where he coaches economically backward students for the IIT-JEE, the entrance exam for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). The film highlights his struggles, dedication, and the challenges faced by the underprivileged students he mentors.

"Super 30" received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Hrithik Roshan's performance and the inspirational story but some criticism for the film's fictionalized elements. Despite the criticisms, it was a commercial success and resonated with audiences for its motivational and socially relevant theme.

"12th Fail" and "Super 30" are distinct films with different themes, genres, and narrative focuses. Let's compare them in various aspects:

Genre:

   "12th Fail" is a biographical drama that follows the life of Manoj Kumar Sharma, emphasizing themes of education, perseverance, and personal growth.

   "Super 30" is a biographical film based on the life of mathematician Anand Kumar, who coaches economically disadvantaged students for the IIT-JEE entrance exam. It focuses on themes of education, social inequality, and the impact of mentorship.

Themes:

  "12th Fail" explores themes of resilience, educational challenges, and the transformative power of aspirations. It sheds light on social inequalities and the journey from adversity to success.

   "Super 30" delves into themes of educational disparity, social inequality, and the transformative impact of education. It highlights the importance of providing equal opportunities to underprivileged students.

Narrative Focus:

  The narrative of "12th Fail" is centered around Manoj Kumar Sharma's personal journey, from facing academic setbacks in Chambal to becoming an IPS officer. It is a character-driven story with a focus on personal development.

   "Super 30" centers around Anand Kumar's initiative to coach underprivileged students for the IIT-JEE exam. The narrative explores the challenges faced by the students and Anand Kumar's dedication to their success.

Tone and Style:

  "12th Fail" adopts a more serious and dramatic tone, given its biographical nature. The film aims to inspire and motivate viewers through its portrayal of real-life struggles and triumphs.

  "Super 30" combines drama with elements of inspiration. It portrays the challenges faced by underprivileged students while also celebrating the impact of education in transforming lives.

Character Dynamics:

     In "12th Fail," the character dynamics revolve around Manoj Kumar Sharma, his family, and mentors. The relationships emphasize support, resilience, and personal growth.

  "Super 30" focuses on the relationship between Anand Kumar and his students. It highlights the mentor-student dynamic, showcasing the impact of guidance and support on the students' lives.

Social Commentary:

   "12th Fail" offers social commentary on educational disparities, the impact of systemic issues on individuals, and the importance of representation in positions of authority.

   "Super 30" provides commentary on the unequal opportunities in education, shedding light on the challenges faced by underprivileged students. It addresses social issues related to access to quality education.

In summary, while both films are biographical dramas that touch upon themes of education and social impact, "12th Fail" is a character-driven story emphasizing personal growth, while "Super 30" focuses on the transformative impact of education on underprivileged students.

Conclusion:

"12th Fail" is a biographical drama that explores themes of resilience, educational challenges, and personal aspirations. The film follows Manoj Kumar Sharma's journey from academic setbacks to becoming an IPS officer in Chambal, India. The film navigates the complexities of the Indian education system, highlighting the struggles of marginalized individuals. The film's thematic frame highlights the transformative power of education through personal perseverance and systemic change. Comparing it to "Super 30" and "12th Fail," the film emphasizes the importance of representation in positions of authority and the transformative power of education. Its heartfelt narrative and thematic richness make it a commendable addition to the cinematic exploration of education, resilience, and personal triumph.

I.A Richard: Reading poems

This blog is part of a classroom activity focused on I.A. Richards' practical criticism regarding figurative language. Here, I'll delve into a poem, examining its practical aspects such as language usage, structure, metaphors, and figures of speech.

Brother like Raavan

मुझे रावण जैसा भाई चाहिए !

गर्भवती माँ ने बेटी से पूछा

क्या चाहिए तुझे? बहन या भाई

बेटी बोली भाई

माँ - किसके जैसा? बेटी ने गर्व से

रावण सा, माँ ने जवाब दिया

क्या बकती है? पिता ने धमकाया

'माँ ने घूरा, गाली देती है

बेटी बोली, क्यूँ माँ?

बहन के अपमान पर राज्य

वंश और प्राण लुटा देने वाला

शत्रु स्त्री को हरने के बाद भी

स्पर्श न करने वाला

रावण जैसा भाई ही तो

हर लड़की को चाहिए आज

छाया जैसी साथ निभाने वाली

गर्भवती निर्दोष पत्नी को त्यागने वाले

मर्यादा पुरषोत्तम सा भाई

लेकर क्या करुँगी मैं?

और माँ

अग्नि परीक्षा चौदह बरस वनवास और

अपहरण से लांछित बहु की क़तर आहें

तुम कब तक सुनोगी और

कब तक राम को ही जन्मोगी

माँ सिसक रही थी - पिता आवाक था

About  The Poet

The poet who wrote this poem is unknown. Sudha Shukla claimed to be the one who wrote this poem in 1998.

 

About the Poem

This poem presents a conversation between a pregnant mother and her daughter, exploring the daughter's desire for a brother like Ravana, a character from the Hindu epic Ramayana known for his complex and controversial nature. The mother reacts strongly to this wish, criticizing the daughter's choice, while the father issues a stern warning.

The daughter, however, proudly defends her preference, explaining that she admires a brother like Ravana, who, despite defeating the enemy's woman (referring to Sita), refrains from touching her. The daughter sees such a brother as someone who can provide unwavering support, akin to a shadow, and emulate the qualities of an honorable man by not abandoning a blameless pregnant wife.

The mother, in her emotional response, alludes to the trials of Sita, mentioning the ordeal of fire, fourteen years of exile, and the abandonment after abduction. She questions how long she will have to endure such tales and whether she will continue to give birth to stories centered solely around Rama.

The poem touches upon themes of societal expectations, gender roles, and the conflicting qualities that individuals may value. It also highlights the complexity of characters like Ravana and challenges traditional notions, prompting reflection on the significance of personal choices and societal norms.

Analysis of this poem in accordance with the style and approach of I.A richards work on figurative language

I.A. Richards, a prominent literary critic and theoretician, is known for his work on figurative language and how it evokes emotions and meanings in poetry. Analyzing the provided poem through the lens of Richards' approach involves examining the use of language, symbols, and emotions to understand the poem's impact on the reader. Richards emphasized the importance of ambiguity, tension, and multiple interpretations in poetry.

Figures of Speech:

Metaphor:

The daughter's desire for a brother like Ravana serves as a metaphor. Ravana, a complex character, represents qualities that challenge societal norms and expectations. The metaphor adds layers to the daughter's preference, inviting readers to consider the symbolic implications.

 Irony:

The daughter's admiration for Ravana, a character often viewed negatively, creates irony. Richards would appreciate how this irony adds depth to the poem, prompting readers to question conventional ideas about morality and virtue.

Ambiguity and Tension:

    The tension arises from the conflicting views within the family. The daughter's unconventional preference creates ambiguity and tension in the poem. Richards would likely appreciate the emotional impact generated by the clash of perspectives and the ambiguity surrounding the daughter's reasoning.

Emotive Language:

   

Richards emphasized the importance of emotion in poetry. The mother's emotional response, expressed through scolding and sobbing, adds depth to the poem. It creates an emotional resonance that goes beyond the literal meaning of the words.

Multiple Interpretations:

   Richards valued poetry that allowed for multiple interpretations. The poem's exploration of the daughter's preference for a brother like Ravana, the mother's objection, and the father's silence provides space for various interpretations. Readers can analyze the characters and their motivations from different perspectives.

Symbolism:

   Richards appreciated the use of symbols to convey complex meanings. Ravana, in this context, can be seen as a symbol challenging conventional norms. The mother's mention of Sita's trials symbolizes the struggles faced by women. These symbols contribute to the layered meaning of the poem.

Reader's Response:

Richards focused on the reader's emotional and intellectual response. The emotional depth of the poem, especially the mother's sobbing and the daughter's pride, would likely align with Richards' emphasis on the reader's engagement with the text.

 Ravan As a brother in Mythology

Ravan is a complex and formidable character deeply rooted in Hindu mythology, particularly in the epic Ramayana. Known as the primary antagonist in the story, Ravan is portrayed as a powerful and intelligent demon king with ten heads. While he is often vilified, it is essential to acknowledge the multidimensional aspects of his character.

Ravan is also known for his devotion to Lord Shiva, and his penance and prayers to gain immense power and boons are legendary. His dedication to ascetic practices and his ability to invoke the favor of powerful deities demonstrate his spiritual prowess. However, his eventual misuse of.

Ravan's behavior as a brother adds another layer to his character, showcasing familial ties and complexities. In the Ramayana, Ravan is depicted as the brother of Vibhishana and Kumbhakarna. While he is fiercely loyal to his family, especially to his sister Shurpanakha, his relationship with his brothers is intriguing.

Ravan's interactions with his brothers reveal a mix of protective instincts and authoritarian rule. He is known for his deep affection for his siblings, particularly Vibhishana, who is often portrayed as the righteous and virtuous brother. Despite their differences in ideologies, Ravan values the bond of blood and respects Vibhishana's principles, even if he does not entirely agree with them.On the other hand, Ravan's relationship with Kumbhakarna is characterized by a sense of camaraderie.

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the analysis of the provided poem in accordance with I.A. Richards' approach to figurative language reveals a rich tapestry of linguistic devices and emotional nuances. The metaphorical use of Ravana as a symbol challenges conventional norms, creating tension and irony within the familial dialogue. The poem's ambiguity invites multiple interpretations, aligning with Richards' emphasis on the openness of meaning in poetry.

The emotional resonance, particularly expressed through the mother's scolding and sobbing, underscores Richards' recognition of the importance of eliciting strong reader responses. The interplay of symbols, such as Ravana and Sita, adds depth to the poem, encouraging readers to explore complex themes related to societal expectations and individual choices.

I.A. Richards' influence on literary criticism prompts us to appreciate the poem's effectiveness in evoking emotions, stimulating intellectual engagement, and fostering a nuanced understanding of the figurative language employed. Through this lens, the poem stands as a testament to the enduring relevance of Richards' theories in unraveling the layers of meaning inherent in poetic expression.